The Eastern Mongolian Steppes: A Vital Grassland Ecosystem at Risk

The Eastern Mongolian Steppes represent one of the world’s largest intact temperate grassland ecosystems, spanning millions of hectares across eastern Mongolia and parts of Inner Asia. Characterized by vast rolling plains and gentle hills, this region is an ecological treasure, serving as a haven for flora and fauna uniquely adapted to its demanding environment.

The climate here is continental and semi-arid, marked by frigid winters that can plunge below -30°C and short, hot summers. These climatic extremes, paired with powerful seasonal winds, sculpt the landscape and foster a resilient plant community. Drought-tolerant grasses like feathergrass (Stipa spp.) and various fescues dominate the terrain, providing a critical food source for native herbivores. Their deep root systems help prevent soil erosion, a vital function in a region susceptible to desertification.

Biodiversity in the Eastern Mongolian Steppes remains rich despite harsh conditions. Large herds of Mongolian gazelles (Procapra gutturosa) roam freely, their populations estimated at over one million individuals, making them one of the largest remaining migratory ungulate groups globally. Predatory birds like steppe eagles and saker falcons patrol the skies, while smaller mammals, such as jerboas and marmots, play key ecological roles in soil aeration and food chains.

Culturally, the steppes form the backbone of Mongolia’s nomadic heritage. For centuries, herders have sustainably grazed livestock—horses, goats, sheep, and camels—on these lands, preserving a harmonious relationship with nature. However, modern pressures, including overgrazing, increased livestock densities, and infrastructure expansion, have begun to disrupt this balance.

Moreover, climate change is exacerbating these challenges. Recent satellite data and local observations report declining precipitation levels and more frequent droughts, which threaten both biodiversity and traditional livelihoods. Recognizing these risks, conservation initiatives such as the Eastern Steppe Living Landscape program have been launched to promote sustainable herding, habitat preservation, and wildlife monitoring.

Preserving the Eastern Mongolian Steppes is not only crucial for biodiversity but also for maintaining a centuries-old cultural legacy. Balancing ecological protection with sustainable development is essential to ensure the long-term survival of this globally significant grassland.
The Eastern Mongolian Steppes: A Vital Grassland Ecosystem at Risk