tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-53313720729653209362024-03-09T18:48:03.019-08:00GREEN FORESTUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger134125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-55917945502049198582024-03-09T08:21:00.000-08:002024-03-09T08:21:05.577-08:00Grand Canyon's Geological & Cultural SignificanceThe Grand Canyon's South Rim stands as a testament to the intricate dance of geological forces and human history, shaping a landscape that captures the imagination of millions. Its geological significance lies in its mesmerizing color palette and the interplay of light and shadow that dance upon its vast expanse.<br /><br />The formation of the Kaibab Plateau, a crucial geological feature, set the stage for the grandeur of the canyon. Over millions of years, the relentless flow of the Colorado River carved its way through the plateau, revealing layers of sedimentary rock that narrate Earth's ancient history. The canyon's 21 visible sedimentary layers, including the oldest Vishnu schist, provide a timeline spanning over 2 billion years, offering a window into the Earth's geological past.<br /><br />The age of the Grand Canyon is a topic of fascination and debate among geologists. The Vishnu schist, dating back 2 billion years, serves as a cornerstone for understanding the canyon's ancient origins. As one delves deeper into its layers, the canyon unfolds as an open book, chronicling eons of geological transformations and natural phenomena.<br /><br />Beyond its geological significance, the Grand Canyon holds profound cultural importance. Native American tribes, including the Ancestral Puebloans, inhabited the area for thousands of years, leaving behind cliff dwellings that stand as a testament to their ingenuity and resilience. The arrival of the Cerbat tribe and their descendants further enriched the canyon's cultural tapestry.<br /><br />Today, the Hualapai and Havasupai tribes continue to call the canyon home, preserving their traditions and connection to the land. Their presence underscores the enduring relationship between humans and nature, a bond that transcends time and reminds us of our place within the broader fabric of existence.<br /><br />In conclusion, the Grand Canyon's South Rim embodies a convergence of geological wonder and cultural heritage. From its awe-inspiring formations to its rich tapestry of human history, it stands as a testament to the enduring power of nature and the resilience of the human spirit. As visitors gaze upon its vast expanse, they are invited to ponder not only the Earth's ancient past but also the interconnectedness of all life that inhabits this remarkable landscape.<br /><i>Grand Canyon's Geological & Cultural Significance<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVkq7h4SjROK90Nk2uhClO8i56_jZV5bAlLIFELX7Y4zgEkzdJRBz9B-Oqv2mpjFfgm-0yY2G6SRlC5k-xwHJPYDaaG9WaItPOs25eIv5SLzmuhdHsh_O01_lH5mJvXPcLhePGIA8ssrTXR_I9R5EgwnYIaIsp8UhTa30W05iRzULRqW46G10foqbYcTU/s830/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="830" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVkq7h4SjROK90Nk2uhClO8i56_jZV5bAlLIFELX7Y4zgEkzdJRBz9B-Oqv2mpjFfgm-0yY2G6SRlC5k-xwHJPYDaaG9WaItPOs25eIv5SLzmuhdHsh_O01_lH5mJvXPcLhePGIA8ssrTXR_I9R5EgwnYIaIsp8UhTa30W05iRzULRqW46G10foqbYcTU/w444-h294/1.jpg" width="444" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-15333042445553222762024-02-27T03:03:00.000-08:002024-02-27T03:03:26.214-08:00The Rich Diversity of Pine Forests in Western North AmericaWestern North America is home to a plethora of pine species, each contributing to the intricate fabric of its forest ecosystems. Noteworthy among these are the western white pine and sugar pine, distinguished by their softer wood and gradual transition from springwood to summerwood. Flourishing across diverse terrains, from the lush valleys of British Columbia to the arid expanses of the Sierra Nevada, these species epitomize adaptability.<br /><br />Western white pine, esteemed for its superior quality, spans from British Columbia to the Bitterroot Mountains of Montana, and extends further south into Washington, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada of California. Its remarkable versatility is underscored by its presence at elevations ranging from sea level to a staggering 11,000 feet, showcasing its resilience across varied environments.<br /><br />The majestic sugar pine, renowned as the largest pine species, thrives along the North Fork of the Tuolumne River and the North Fork of the Stanislaus River in Northern California. Its grandeur is also evident on the west-facing slopes of the Sierra Nevada, where it thrives between 5,000 to 7,000 feet in elevation.<br /><br />Ponderosa pine, another significant species known for its dense wood, forms valuable stands across the Western landscape, extending even into the Great Plains. Dendrologists have delineated distinct races of ponderosa pine, including the Black Hills, Inland Empire, Pacific, Arizona, and California races, with the potential for additional races such as the Coats Range trees.<br /><br />Jeffrey pine, once categorized as a variety of ponderosa pine, occupies a restricted range from the southern Cascades to below the Sierra Nevada in California. Its elevation range, from 3,500 to 10,000 feet, underscores its ability to thrive in diverse climates and terrains.<br /><br />Lodgepole pine, another prominent hard pine species, proliferates abundantly throughout the region, alongside noteworthy counterparts like the jack pine. Collectively, these pines contribute to the ecological diversity and economic significance of Western North American forests.<br /><br />Beyond their economic value, these pine species play pivotal roles in sustaining diverse wildlife habitats, regulating water cycles, and mitigating soil erosion. Moreover, these forests serve as havens for outdoor enthusiasts, providing opportunities for hiking, camping, and wildlife observation.<br /><br />In essence, the pine forests of Western North America serve as a testament to the resilience and beauty of nature. From the towering presence of the western white pine to the majestic stature of the sugar pine and beyond, these forests epitomize the rich biodiversity and ecological importance of the region's natural landscapes.<br /><i>The Rich Diversity of Pine Forests in Western North America</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-86632763661074148152024-02-05T21:02:00.000-08:002024-02-05T21:11:21.811-08:00Green Technology for EnergyIn the face of the annually growing demand for energy in the United States, the nation finds itself grappling with the consequences of increased dependence on fossil fuels. This trend not only exacerbates environmental harm but also elevates energy costs, creating a pressing need for a paradigm shift in energy consumption. The global awareness of pollution and escalating energy costs has fostered a unified call for action, urging leaders worldwide to champion the development of more affordable energy-saving technologies.<br /><br />At the forefront of this global movement stands green technology, a revolutionary approach that seeks to address both economic and environmental concerns. Unlike conventional energy sources, green technology emphasizes cost-effectiveness while simultaneously minimizing contributions to pollution. Governments, industries, and environmentalists are collectively rallying for the widespread adoption of green technologies as a viable solution to the energy dilemma.<br /><br />Within the realm of green technology, renewable energy emerges as a crucial player, offering sustainable alternatives such as solar power, biomass energy, and wind power. These eco-friendly alternatives are gaining prominence as feasible methods to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Organizations and scientists are actively engaged in promoting awareness regarding the pivotal shift towards renewable energy, encouraging people to explore and embrace alternatives that not only maintain efficiency but also refrain from contributing to pollution and its adverse effects.<br /><br />Renewable energy sources hold the promise of a cleaner and more sustainable future. Solar power harnesses the abundant energy from the sun, biomass energy utilizes organic materials to generate power, and wind power taps into the kinetic energy of the wind. As advancements in technology continue, the potential for these renewable sources to meet the escalating energy demands of the United States becomes increasingly promising, offering a glimmer of hope in the quest for a greener and more sustainable energy landscape.<br /><i>Green Technology for Energy<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1PkG-k_FvTXEhLiZzJUwq30H2z_UwiPKB98u9GbTjg58C3h8f2hsGb05bPcdN8zNF0z7imRkVUc0R8EFUBXl1M1xl2n7l0RZgHzkXrg3NgVsoWe7zA9yQ1JlHtXSiVbiERAj1etoNQ_e5M4xixxCxJSsi05g8m0IdyZ1uY1a_g6FNe2oPLQ0VsQXMxkQ/s587/Screenshot%202024-02-06%20130823.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="587" data-original-width="500" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1PkG-k_FvTXEhLiZzJUwq30H2z_UwiPKB98u9GbTjg58C3h8f2hsGb05bPcdN8zNF0z7imRkVUc0R8EFUBXl1M1xl2n7l0RZgHzkXrg3NgVsoWe7zA9yQ1JlHtXSiVbiERAj1etoNQ_e5M4xixxCxJSsi05g8m0IdyZ1uY1a_g6FNe2oPLQ0VsQXMxkQ/w379-h444/Screenshot%202024-02-06%20130823.png" width="379" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-9680558951046191012024-01-23T07:01:00.000-08:002024-01-23T07:01:19.186-08:00Petai Belalang Plant CharacteristicsThe petai belalang, scientifically known as <i>Leucaena leucocephala</i>, stands as a noteworthy member of the Fabaceae family. This versatile tree or shrub boasts a potential height of up to 20 meters, although it typically ranges between 2 and 10 meters. Its branches exhibit a distinctive rounded and twisted structure, adorned with tips densely covered in fine hair. The bark showcases a rich brown color, providing a striking contrast to the vibrant green hue of the young shoots. The leaves, organized in a 'bi-pinnate' pattern, contribute to the tree's unique appearance, featuring 4-9 leaflets gracefully arranged on a single branch.<br /><br />One of the distinguishing features of the petai belalang is its pod-shaped fruit, characterized by protruding bulges that envelop seeds within. Initially, the fruit presents a lively green color in its youth, gradually transitioning into a deep, luscious brown shade as it reaches maturity. An intriguing aspect of the petai belalang's reproductive cycle is the autonomous opening of the pod, facilitating the release of its seeds.<br /><br />Beyond its botanical attributes, the petai belalang has garnered recognition for its significant contributions to environmental sustainability. With its remarkable ability to restore soil health, control erosion, and aid in water conservation, the tree plays a crucial role in ecosystem management. Moreover, its involvement in reforestation initiatives has been instrumental in combating deforestation and promoting biodiversity.<br /><br />Notably, the petai belalang is celebrated for its role as a green manure plant and ground cover. As a green manure, it enriches the soil with organic matter, enhancing fertility and promoting sustainable agriculture practices. Simultaneously, its dense foliage serves as an effective ground cover, minimizing soil erosion and preserving moisture content.<br /><br />In conclusion, the petai belalang transcends its botanical classification to emerge as a key player in ecological preservation and sustainable land management. Its multifaceted contributions, from enriching soil quality to acting as a green manure, underscore its importance in fostering a healthier and more balanced environment.<br /><i>Petai Belalang Plant Characteristics<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWDnY7fGjTscpjWWaDpQxLsDBt0NehJRMdGX1Hk5j2ZDdtZAZ_AyW-DTUWy_2_q-tfrKiivtXYTuaTm1oWTQaFUBQZXROT_4gZqJUodAHFE5BpE9JPUIjgjrb4HtNNnZEouW8pTdZ6AOLeNFWS7TIS_DNgNum675pGwX7hTCFi7wfVAlsIR4Y6kchSztc/s586/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="586" data-original-width="440" height="381" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWDnY7fGjTscpjWWaDpQxLsDBt0NehJRMdGX1Hk5j2ZDdtZAZ_AyW-DTUWy_2_q-tfrKiivtXYTuaTm1oWTQaFUBQZXROT_4gZqJUodAHFE5BpE9JPUIjgjrb4HtNNnZEouW8pTdZ6AOLeNFWS7TIS_DNgNum675pGwX7hTCFi7wfVAlsIR4Y6kchSztc/w286-h381/1.jpg" width="286" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-81880657138594720052023-12-25T21:03:00.000-08:002023-12-25T21:03:04.421-08:00Palm Species Characteristics - Oncosperma tigillarium<i>Oncosperma tigillarium </i>has the potential to grow up to 12 meters, and in some cases, it may reach heights of up to 30 meters. It is commonly found in dense groupings of approximately 50 palm trees. Its survival is threatened in specific regions due to deforestation, and it has become invasive in certain tropical islands in the Western Hemisphere where it has been deliberately planted for decorative purposes.<br /><br />Marked by finely pinnate leaves with drooping leaflets, the plant possesses stems covered in sharp black prickles, ranging from 25 to 65 mm in length, with diameters typically between 10 and 15 cm, occasionally extending to 25 cm. This species tends to grow in compact clusters, often with 15 to 30 mature stems per cluster.<br /><br /><i>Oncosperma tigillarium</i> originates from inland areas with lower salinity waters, usually near mangrove swamps in Southern Vietnam, Cambodia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia within Southeast Asia. It is generally confined to forested regions below 50 meters above sea level, especially in near-coastal areas.<br /><br />In its native environment, this plant holds importance for its edible apical bud, which is gathered from the wild. Additionally, it serves as a valuable source of timber. The leaves find utility in crafting baskets and thatching, while the spines on the stem are employed in making blow-darts and as the tips of javelins for spearfishing.<br /><i>Palm Species Characteristics - Oncosperma tigillarium</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-16506742291035181302023-08-06T07:11:00.004-07:002023-08-06T07:11:33.307-07:00Areca catechu plantThe <i>Areca catechu</i>, commonly known as the betel nut palm, is a type of palm plant that thrives in tropical regions across the Pacific, Asia, and certain parts of East Africa. Its leaves are approximately 1.5-2 meters in length, pointed at the tip, and composed of numerous small leaflets.<br /><br />This tree has the potential to grow to significant heights, typically ranging from 10 to 30 meters, featuring a trunk with a diameter of around 20-30 cm, narrowing at the top. The upper portion of the betel nut palm, known as the crown, typically adopts a rounded shape, displaying a green hue during its youthful phase and transitioning to yellow and eventually red as the fruits reach maturity.<br /><br />The cultivation of the betel nut palm is widespread in India and Sri Lanka, where the local population utilizes it and refers to it as '<i>adakka</i>' in the Malayalam language. The tradition of consuming betel leaves, betel nuts, and lime is closely associated with this palm, especially among the elderly.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIKdOa1zl7SDULHWyR25LyU8xE1qXHp0aXX8yR7adwuuf3LHgBmuWdHHs2RKljUF5WBSNhKzhH8OaUCrM2vRKLeSrUhppJmCWfkt9PpAU_-ZyToMry4WywDBfXrRmDnHtnKH6OBhqCQ-1KGJfReSooXNYGlWJ-JnMwafaBhVOpap_d_Gu8A_qwg32ttDE/s788/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="788" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIKdOa1zl7SDULHWyR25LyU8xE1qXHp0aXX8yR7adwuuf3LHgBmuWdHHs2RKljUF5WBSNhKzhH8OaUCrM2vRKLeSrUhppJmCWfkt9PpAU_-ZyToMry4WywDBfXrRmDnHtnKH6OBhqCQ-1KGJfReSooXNYGlWJ-JnMwafaBhVOpap_d_Gu8A_qwg32ttDE/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>The fruit of the tree possesses medicinal potential. The shoots of Areca catechu, along with those from <i>Areca Borneensis</i> and <i>Areca Triandra</i>, are suitable for consumption. The shoots of<i> Areca Hutchinsoniana</i> serve as a means of removing parasites. Additionally, boiled husks of betel nuts find application in treating wounds.<br /><br />The betel nut fruit exhibits an ovoid shape, resembling a chicken egg, with dimensions around 3-5 cm x 5-10 cm. The exterior of the fruit is covered in fibers or strands, and it encases an edible content within its shell. The fruit begins as green during its initial stage, transitions to yellow during ripening, and finally assumes a red hue when fully matured.<br /><i>Areca catechu plant<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKUyLIZei944VTYvOmyo9xZ-NBHbBMQqlLHUknPTAVr59ugHpD40h9_Up8DO8KbguxkixfBSWk5Jd8UHW2J4WEpHJ1l7_POKzl58KxJAN8LZYCbtUSQG6D2orl21ExHOHgJWUgaC8nJ7zVubFW6VHHB55Mvyt-22pZ1OjvY_b3S5GNi8WaRdLsLtjzvYE/s540/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="540" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKUyLIZei944VTYvOmyo9xZ-NBHbBMQqlLHUknPTAVr59ugHpD40h9_Up8DO8KbguxkixfBSWk5Jd8UHW2J4WEpHJ1l7_POKzl58KxJAN8LZYCbtUSQG6D2orl21ExHOHgJWUgaC8nJ7zVubFW6VHHB55Mvyt-22pZ1OjvY_b3S5GNi8WaRdLsLtjzvYE/s320/2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-8894424086415595232023-07-13T09:26:00.003-07:002023-07-13T09:26:19.361-07:00Quercus suber plantThe cork oak, scientifically named <i>Quercus suber</i>, is an evergreen oak that comes from the central and western regions of the Mediterranean. It is a medium-sized oak tree that typically grows to heights of 40-70 feet and holds both commercial and aesthetic value. <div><br /></div><div>The leaves are simple, arranged alternately, and have an ovate to oval-oblong shape, measuring 3-7 cm in length. They have an acute tip, a somewhat rounded to cordate base, and 4-5 small teeth on each side of the margin. The upper surface of the leaves is glossy green, while the lower surface is covered in a white-gray tomentose layer. The leaf stalk, or petiole, is 8 to 15 mm long. The cork oak produces acorns, which are ovoid-oblong in shape and measure 1.5-3 cm in length. The acorns have a cup-shaped cap and a short stalk connecting them to the tree.<br /><br />The cork oak has a distinctive appearance with its short trunk, thick branches, and rounded crown. Its trunk and major branches are covered in corky bark, which can be harvested from mature trees and used to make various products, including corks for wine bottles.<br /><br />To thrive, the cork oak requires acidic, well-drained soils that range from moist to dry. It can tolerate full sun exposure or partial shade. This oak species is low-maintenance, resistant to deer, and can withstand drought conditions. It's important to be aware that oaks, including the cork oak, contain high levels of tannins in their leaves, bark, and acorns, which are toxic to horses.<br /><br />The cork oak is tolerant of hot summers with prolonged droughts and mild, wet winters. While it is native to the Mediterranean basin, it can be grown in regions that have a Mediterranean climate.<br /><i>Quercus suber plant<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6HMhHzWZlTe5IjGfWjVIwRHGgb_NPszayOe_tSJm8k6WaCPKwnOioRFzccVaUmg7mzj2IjhPUaF6LR6ClRFmNrJnRff6mia9FR1lCskA7BumlP_OdSY4QPLdIOurQUQZliL7ZTt2ipmUxYcMs6bR-D4YbGAqhkzb1SMaf63iydOZcVNM4_4q8A7-Edlg/s456/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="456" data-original-width="352" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6HMhHzWZlTe5IjGfWjVIwRHGgb_NPszayOe_tSJm8k6WaCPKwnOioRFzccVaUmg7mzj2IjhPUaF6LR6ClRFmNrJnRff6mia9FR1lCskA7BumlP_OdSY4QPLdIOurQUQZliL7ZTt2ipmUxYcMs6bR-D4YbGAqhkzb1SMaf63iydOZcVNM4_4q8A7-Edlg/s320/1.jpg" width="247" /></a></div></i></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-84218871766226553002023-06-20T20:32:00.002-07:002023-06-20T20:32:16.018-07:00Pectin in plant cell wallPectin is a high-molecular-weight carbohydrate polymer which is present in virtually all plants where it contributes to the cell structure. Pectin is a component of the primary cell walls of dicotyledonous plants and is also present in smaller amounts in the secondary walls of dicots and both types of cell walls in monocots. <br /><br />Pectin is a complex polysaccharide formed by dimethyl polygalacturonic acid chains of 300–1000 galacturonic acid units connected by C1– C4 α-glycosidic linkages. <br /><br />Three major pectic polysaccharides (homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan-I and rhamnogalacturonan-II) are thought to occur in all primary cell walls. <br /><br />In a plant, pectin is present in the middle lamella, primary cell and secondary walls and is deposited in the early stages of growth during cell expansion. Its functionality to a plant is quite divers. <br /><br />Pectin biosynthesis, function, modification, and degradation are involved in several key processes during plant development, including cell wall expansion, cell adhesion, organ formation, cell separation, and phyllotactic patterning. <br /><br />Pectin plays an important role in the formation of higher plant cell walls, which lend strength and support to a plant and yet are very dynamic structures. <br /><br />In the fruits of plants, pectin helps keep the walls of adjacent cells joined together. As a fruit becomes overripe, the pectin in it is broken down to simple sugars that are completely water-soluble. As a result, the overripe fruit becomes soft and begins to lose its shape. <br /><br />Pectin influences various cell wall properties such as porosity, surface charge, pH, and ion balance and therefore is of importance to the ion transport in the cell wall. <br /><br />Because of its ability to form a thick gel-like solution, pectin is used commercially in the preparation of jams, jellies, frozen foods, and more recently in low-calorie foods as a fat and/or sugar replacer. <br /><br />Pectin is commonly extracted from raw materials by aqueous extraction; the most common methods include direct boiling, microwave heating, ultrasonic, autoclave and electromagnetic induction. The yield of pectin varies with respect to the extraction conditions such as temperature, extraction time, pH and the raw material. <br /><br />Although present in the cell walls of most plants apple pomace and orange peel are the two major sources of commercial pectin due to the poor gelling behavior of pectin from other sources.<br /><b><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Pectin in plant cell wall<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvMY5tMKOeH1hn3v566QlK3ZbIDZWgv2F9W-4OYmFPO3E0R78Oq8Us5STB5E4U7EMHsUCzeECm7uWbjuAN2Ebi9ezU7XLM178KI6Ht-dlytCoSgxo-rW0UMUL8fOK7CU7lHa0R5ukTDUtswF5PF2t0ZiWW8ABWYCd1Tu4zv77RxzdkJQWRRmBVB43pr18/s861/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="861" data-original-width="523" height="505" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvMY5tMKOeH1hn3v566QlK3ZbIDZWgv2F9W-4OYmFPO3E0R78Oq8Us5STB5E4U7EMHsUCzeECm7uWbjuAN2Ebi9ezU7XLM178KI6Ht-dlytCoSgxo-rW0UMUL8fOK7CU7lHa0R5ukTDUtswF5PF2t0ZiWW8ABWYCd1Tu4zv77RxzdkJQWRRmBVB43pr18/w306-h505/1.jpg" width="306" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-78140985816014699772023-05-17T21:39:00.002-07:002023-06-09T05:19:34.970-07:00What are chloroplasts?Chloroplasts are organelles 5-10 um in size in green plants which perform the function of photosynthesis. <br /><br />This is the process by which carbon dioxide and water are converted into organic chemicals using light as a source of energy. Oxygen is produced as a very useful by-product of the reaction. <br /><br />The word chloroplast is derived from the Greek words, “chloros" meaning "green" and "plastes" meaning "the one who forms". <br /><br />Chloroplasts are organelles bounded by a double membrane – this separates the contents of the chloroplast from the rest of the cell, allowing the photosynthetic reactions to take place without interference from chemicals in the cytoplasm. <br /><br />The smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane of chloroplasts folded into disc-shaped sacs called thylakoids. Color and label the outer membrane light green. Thylakoids containing chlorophyll and other accessory pigments (red+ orange+ yellow+brown), are in stacks called granum (grana, plural). <br /><br />These structures are mainly located in the palisade parenchyma of the mesophyll cells in the leaf. Chloroplasts belong to a family of specialized organelle called the plastid. The stem, leaves, and unripened fruit in all the plants contain chloroplast. But leaves are major part of plants performing the process of photosynthesis. <br /><br />Plate-like membranes, called lamellae (thylakoids) run along the length of the chloroplast from end to end – these are the site of the light-dependent reactions. Chlorophyll molecules (and other pigment molecules) that absorb light energy are situated on the lamellae. <br /><br />Chloroplasts like mitochondria are evolved by endosymbiosis. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria are involved in generating metabolic energy. Both organelles have their own genetic systems. During photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy derived from sunlight is converted into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrate sand during this process ATPs are generated. <br /><br />Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy molecule used by all cells to do work. It isa nucleotide consisting of a nitrogen-containing base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine),a 5-carbon sugar, and 3-phosphate groups. ATP is able to store and transport chemicalenergy within cells.<br /><b><span style="color: #04ff00;">What are chloroplasts?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIasYbWZAl4qAB96iwji-KbAo3K3YTc1tT04SM7foSLuUmh9RbfCfJ5K299tqazUWNVqjGU5TiaEidR2w8u5CasdpIoz9Lp9HVw07uuUDQ6u_m7fyiNbQxrzlnMi3bAlzQXfGHCaUdzv48t2ApGsj02q2gup73bcwztfrKUR8PIFJTBYN-aJAVirsn/s448/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="412" data-original-width="448" height="367" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIasYbWZAl4qAB96iwji-KbAo3K3YTc1tT04SM7foSLuUmh9RbfCfJ5K299tqazUWNVqjGU5TiaEidR2w8u5CasdpIoz9Lp9HVw07uuUDQ6u_m7fyiNbQxrzlnMi3bAlzQXfGHCaUdzv48t2ApGsj02q2gup73bcwztfrKUR8PIFJTBYN-aJAVirsn/w399-h367/1.jpg" width="399" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-40521221447852396602023-04-20T20:47:00.001-07:002023-04-20T20:47:05.741-07:00The Gambia RiverThe source of the Gambia River, the Fouta Djallon Mountains in Guinea is often called the ‘Chateau d’Eau’ or ‘West Africa’s Water Reservoir’ since this is the primary source of water for major rivers such as the Gambia, Senegal and Niger. <br /><br />The Gambia River flows approximately 1,100 kilometers (700 miles) from the Fouta Djallon highlands of northern Guinea through southeastern Senegal and The Gambia into the Atlantic Ocean. <br /><br />It is one of the largest rivers in West Africa and is composed of two distinct habitat types: estuary at the mouth and freshwater further upstream. Each of these supports a collection of flooded areas, swamps, mudflats, and riverine forests. <br /><br />The river supports nearly 111,000 acres (45,000 hectares) of mangrove swamp dominated by trees such as <i>Avicennia africana</i>, <i>Sesuvium portulacastrum</i>, and <i>Rhizophora spp</i>. These coastal forests thrive in brackish waters; they provide storm and erosion protection for coastal communities, as well as timber resources. <br /><br />Clumps of small trees and shrubs, tall grass, and wild oil palm trees also grow near the river. This vegetation provides an excellent habitat for animals, birds, and insects. <br /><br />The river supports a range of economic activities from agriculture to fishing, hunting, and transportation. It also shows promise for potential hydroelectric power. The River Gambia has been and continues to be the main source of irrigation for communities in rural areas, allowing for enhanced food production.<br /><b><span style="color: #04ff00;">The Gambia River<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWPwRila1umCiAnHOEx2TMLCfouIx_2ktBysfj1CjYss7Ng_YdeSBQRM4Mqrma9qmw7L7hrmiQgcEI6dbtjYU_d_Xt9RcYetaHTH9AGdMuaB-SQZ5V23OKHgwDqumGuAV4I8arN5_VykVVNRCVkRUBG0G1lGhyjrwh-GrSCmIrk_wUVxm2GKLrPse7/s624/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="624" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWPwRila1umCiAnHOEx2TMLCfouIx_2ktBysfj1CjYss7Ng_YdeSBQRM4Mqrma9qmw7L7hrmiQgcEI6dbtjYU_d_Xt9RcYetaHTH9AGdMuaB-SQZ5V23OKHgwDqumGuAV4I8arN5_VykVVNRCVkRUBG0G1lGhyjrwh-GrSCmIrk_wUVxm2GKLrPse7/w476-h305/1.jpg" width="476" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-69200534963085230212023-03-15T22:30:00.001-07:002023-03-15T23:10:05.429-07:00Stomata in tree leavesStomata are cell structures in the epidermis of tree leaves and needles that are involved in the exchange of carbon dioxide and water between plants and the atmosphere. <br /><br />Stomata (singular, stoma), sometimes anglicised as stomates, which mean ‘mouths’ in Greek, do resemble tiny mouths. <br /><br />Guard cells are two bean shaped cells that surround a stoma. Guard cells are specialized epidermal cells as they contain chloroplasts. They play an important role in gaseous exchange in and out of plant leaves by regulating the opening of pores known as a stoma. <br /><br />Stomata are typically 20–50 μm long and occur at densities between 50 and 300 mm−2, and can often be found on stems, leaves, flowers and fruits, but not on roots. <br /><br />Plants regulate water loss either by opening and closing their stomata or by varying their stomatal densities. <br /><br />Gas exchange occurs when carbon dioxide molecules enter the leaves for photosynthesis and when excess oxygen molecules leave the leaves. The pores allow for water flow throughout plants by creating a lower water pressure at the leaves than at the roots. <br /><br />A reduction in water absorption results in water stress, which reduces transpiration, causing stomatal closure and a reduction in photosynthesis. In combination, these effects contribute to reduced shoot growth. <br /><br />Insect and disease damage can interfere with leaf physiology, stomatal function, and the resulting transpiration rate that increases leaf temperature.<br /><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Stomata in tree leaves<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXxwQh55y3m0OpIk3Vkt5DNkuGs0UTDIyrqgm9hDlMcQuletaM0tOVooZNkimn9qmE91EfQQPhgyR62guGfgu1JLK0SJZwhZVyCkI8409qZY57_gn92-xq2tfsa1OdJ929_NPExlaeQwU91eyDQIDa_zgdmc7CO9-FsXqFtIAjahSOACttdAULqgEY/s462/2023-03-16.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="447" data-original-width="462" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXxwQh55y3m0OpIk3Vkt5DNkuGs0UTDIyrqgm9hDlMcQuletaM0tOVooZNkimn9qmE91EfQQPhgyR62guGfgu1JLK0SJZwhZVyCkI8409qZY57_gn92-xq2tfsa1OdJ929_NPExlaeQwU91eyDQIDa_zgdmc7CO9-FsXqFtIAjahSOACttdAULqgEY/w454-h440/2023-03-16.png" width="454" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-60113831340704595012023-02-05T05:46:00.002-08:002023-02-05T05:46:35.773-08:00Boyne ValleyThe Boyne Valley is situated in the east of Ireland and only 20 minutes outside Dublin city. It is Ireland’s ancient capital and its most sacred and mythical landscape. The Boyne Valley encompassing counties Louth and Meath is a World Heritage Site and is the largest and one of the most important prehistoric megalithic sites in Europe. <br /><br />The valley surrounding the Boyne River is easily one of the most history-laden pieces of land on an island replete with historic sites. The River Boyne is a river in Leinster, Ireland, the course of which is about 112 kilometres long. It rises at Trinity Well in County Kildare, and flows towards the Northeast through County Meath to reach the Irish Sea between Mornington, County Meath, and Baltray, County Louth. <br /><br />The rich valley is home to a range of heritage sites including the UNESCO World Heritage Site at Brú na Bóinne (Newgrange and Knowth) as well as Ireland’s largest Anglo-Norman castle at Trim. <br /><br />The Boyne Valley, a lush green paradise in Ireland’s Ancient East,was once the territory of Ireland’s high kings and boasts a history that dates back over 5,000 years.<br /><b><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Boyne Valley<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1lJiRS6Y3SLMRBHJaBLdyA2cM6eJTPI7ddJjWEKCpjpjhgIfi4snrK_O0g-M2cv4Ch8ZafLyGk_v2hsrf4xOuJDxuXP-p2UT7S0n6j3paFvPHmTDGCJgpo4oGD2R6iyXIt6BC4t7tgPEgVWlwCm0ERdg6mh_cLzz0tXe_eLlGUvIt25ZVJ43PW6lx/s608/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="608" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1lJiRS6Y3SLMRBHJaBLdyA2cM6eJTPI7ddJjWEKCpjpjhgIfi4snrK_O0g-M2cv4Ch8ZafLyGk_v2hsrf4xOuJDxuXP-p2UT7S0n6j3paFvPHmTDGCJgpo4oGD2R6iyXIt6BC4t7tgPEgVWlwCm0ERdg6mh_cLzz0tXe_eLlGUvIt25ZVJ43PW6lx/w489-h326/1.jpg" width="489" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-82930869287250850422022-12-29T06:57:00.004-08:002022-12-29T06:57:45.821-08:00Serranía de Chiribiquete National ParkChiribiquete National Park, the largest protected area in Colombia, is the confluence point of four biogeographical provinces: Amazon, Andes, Orinoco and Guyana. It was established in 1989 and has been expanded twice since. <br /><br />Crossed by the Equator, the park is located between the departments of Caqueta and Guaviare. It is one of the best preserved places on Earth. the park occupies about 4,300,000 ha (10,625,500 acres) and includes the Serranía de Chiribiquete mountains and the surrounding lowlands, which are covered by tropical moist forests, savannas and rivers. <br /><br />Chiribiquete National Park is one of the few places where the fauna and flora of the Guiana Shield, Orinoco savannas, and Amazon rainforest converge. This leads to incredible biodiversity in the pristine and remote rainforest with table mountains that reach up to 1,000 meters in height. <br /><br />One of the defining features of Chiribiquete is the presence of tepees (table-top mountains), sheer-sided sandstone plateaux that outstand in the forest and result in dramatic scenery that is reinforced by its remoteness, inaccessibility and exceptional conservation.<br /><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Serranía de Chiribiquete National Park<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz4lByJfHwy11mfbi0C31gkkXSs-vOvfe-GTK5PM670DkBPFbsrPVJtJWQ1Xljua-9vCcaDOaIttjTLVS7QlwEUTs1Jhy7XtQDTUdKEVlGwDxhNAMkq87kTStbYjetWqLG2XQOQ95f5u9xTK8r6kauRlYrfD2E80nQPfbrhSXtv4vZrUmVBoJdBngi/s490/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="490" height="367" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz4lByJfHwy11mfbi0C31gkkXSs-vOvfe-GTK5PM670DkBPFbsrPVJtJWQ1Xljua-9vCcaDOaIttjTLVS7QlwEUTs1Jhy7XtQDTUdKEVlGwDxhNAMkq87kTStbYjetWqLG2XQOQ95f5u9xTK8r6kauRlYrfD2E80nQPfbrhSXtv4vZrUmVBoJdBngi/w489-h367/1.jpg" width="489" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-15331602833977074972022-11-21T19:31:00.006-08:002022-11-21T19:31:53.681-08:00Impact of timber harvesting on forest ecosystemForest ecosystems have integral roles in climate stability, biodiversity and economic development. Soil stewardship is essential for sustainable forest management. The indiscriminate logging in the rainforest and uncontrolled felling of trees for fuelwood are reported to have had adverse effect on the environment. <br /><br />Intact forests mitigate atmospheric increases in greenhouse gases and are among the largest global carbon sinks, whereas poorly managed forests and deforested areas can become significant sources of greenhouse gases with the potential to accelerate global warming. <br /><br />The most important conservation impact of timber harvesting is the attendant loss of biological and genetic diversity. It is quite clear, felling substantial areas of forest will result in loss of species. <br /><br />The adverse effect caused by the operations of forest industries include loss of biodiversity, migration of wildlife, ecological imbalance, soil erosion, flooding, desert encroachment and disruption in hydrological cycle of water catchment area. <br /><br />The removal of forest cover during logging has in some instances resulted in the scarcity or out-right extinction of many important plant and animal species. <br /><br />Organic matter removal and soil compaction are key disturbances associated with forest harvesting. The road construction which occurs during logging operations leads to compacted soils, disturbed organic layers, and excessive rates of soil erosion. <br /><br />Soil compaction also reduces the oxygen and water available to vegetation and has a significant detrimental effect on microorganisms found in the soil. <br /><br />Logging operations can greatly impact the connectivity of habitat and lead to a fragmented forest which leaves many species on an island and unable to migrate from an ideal feeding ground to their denning locations for example. <br /><br />Water quality and yield are also affected by tree harvesting. Flooding seems to increase as result of broad - scale deforestation in catchment zones.<br /><b><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Impact of timber harvesting on forest ecosystem<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL8AkM65LTwVotsUILQSzGZProwbISovCMheQVJkgsr9bjSw-33TAFEeDVRgwbeAP0Hsiw6ONlONzjy_Iak6bC8jFun6-hxhWsArY1WgVANUtlNkbfmTDk3VXqkF85_QDC1lsfgDz_PZgPl4M5m1W4lZUf-rJ7j_0HBUMECd_U9r3LFMuOJKdHhlx0/s640/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="640" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL8AkM65LTwVotsUILQSzGZProwbISovCMheQVJkgsr9bjSw-33TAFEeDVRgwbeAP0Hsiw6ONlONzjy_Iak6bC8jFun6-hxhWsArY1WgVANUtlNkbfmTDk3VXqkF85_QDC1lsfgDz_PZgPl4M5m1W4lZUf-rJ7j_0HBUMECd_U9r3LFMuOJKdHhlx0/w486-h325/1.jpg" width="486" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-16179613645259210462022-11-01T07:21:00.006-07:002022-11-01T07:21:52.520-07:00The importance of rainforests They are very important as the plants of the rainforest generate much of the Earth’s oxygen. Rainforests contain about half of the existing plant and animal species in the world. They contain a third of the world’s bird species and 90% of its invertebrates. Most rainforest have over 60 million years of plant and animal species evolution that has brought about a huge variety of complex ecosystems and biodiversity. <br /><br />Rainforests are often called the lungs of the planet for their role in absorbing carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, and increasing local humidity. <br /><br />By absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing the oxygen that human depend on for survival. The absorption of this CO2 also helps to stabilize the Earth's climate. When rainforests are chopped down and burned, the carbon stored in their wood and leaves is released into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change. <br /><br />Rainforests also stabilize climate, house incredible amounts of plants and wildlife, and produce nourishing rainfall all around the planet. The forests simply store water and release it in the environment when the temperatures are high by drawing water from beneath the earth surface and transpiring it into the atmosphere to form clouds. The clouds then return to the ground as precipitation thereby cooling and stabilizing the environmental temperatures. <br /><br />Rainforests also help to maintain the world's water cycle by adding water to the atmosphere through the process of transpiration which creates clouds. Water generated in rainforests travel around the world; the moisture generated in the forests of Africa ends up falling as rain in the Americas. <br /><br />An estimated 80% of the world’s diet originated from rainforest plants. Many food sources are still being discovered in rainforests. <br /><br />Many indigenous people have been living in harmony with the rainforest for thousands of years, depending on it for their food, shelter and medicines. Actually, hundreds of rainforest plants are used in modern medicines. It is estimated that 25% of all our medicines come from plants growing in the rainforest. <br /><br />Rainforests are also preventers of the soil erosion, siltation and flooding. The tree roots bind the soil together while the canopy of the forests protects the soil from the direct impact of heavy rains. <br /><br />In conclusion, rainforests can:<br />*Help stabilize the world’s climate;<br />*Provide a home to many plants and animals;<br />*Maintain the water cycle<br />*Protect against flood, drought, and erosion;<br />*Are a source for medicines and foods;<br />*Support tribal people<br /><b><span style="color: #6aa84f;">The importance of rainforests<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoLdjl3EdpvA0493aSLC71JKPRUMk4kli52BknxBCe5KMzOU4wE1j2nZOB640zZa0WzpLgstTeHtNPsKUf445Jb-t6tk7wtHjaRdy1bAPOEJ2D2Rb6xLsss06vVFm6iOk5jJ6w3F0ga7s/s3872/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2592" data-original-width="3872" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoLdjl3EdpvA0493aSLC71JKPRUMk4kli52BknxBCe5KMzOU4wE1j2nZOB640zZa0WzpLgstTeHtNPsKUf445Jb-t6tk7wtHjaRdy1bAPOEJ2D2Rb6xLsss06vVFm6iOk5jJ6w3F0ga7s/w491-h328/1.jpg" width="491" /></a></div> </span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-49110104066617878322022-09-08T05:10:00.003-07:002022-09-08T05:10:50.412-07:00Wild blueberry plantThe lowbush blueberry (<i>Vaccinium angustifolium</i>) is also called the wild blueberry. Wild blueberry can be found growing wild in the northeast United States and eastern and central Canada. <br /><br />Lowbush blueberries are found growing in sandy forest clearings and meadows and near the edges of bogs. Lowbush blueberries are also grown in semi-wild patches that are managed by blueberry harvesters. Lowbush blueberries grow to knee-height or shorter. They sprawl as they mature. The berries are small and very sweet. <br /><br />Cultivated blueberries are fairly uniform in their size, color and taste. Wild blueberries are generally much smaller in size than cultivated. They also vary in color from different shades of blue to almost black. <br /><br />Wild blueberries are spread primarily by rhizomes (underground runners), which give rise to new roots and stems. Blueberry plants will gradually spread from their growing location through a process called suckering. New, fast-growing shoots grow out of the soil from the main root cluster a few inches from the main clump. Over time, the size of the blueberry bush grows gradually as new suckers form. <br /><br />Wild blueberry bushes are referred to as “lowbush.” They spread low and wide through runners, covering fields in a random manner. Harvesters have to kneel down to reach them.<br /><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Wild blueberry plant<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqj2qYpRHMYIes2h2Gi7v2px7xBY31pLWc__u5bufLTyobD9-ifpa5uGh93_0gBpl0uS6wYiF53lFBuSdKzTCElcOzuGWE6bmQfcrq_rEhYHN1MQEFwiC58WC5H_tPBhLEUrBZAaWQ7FRkHhg0qNq74GkmGdyYDFg9w3p_sg612vMrLCI58U_gWW0G/s375/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="348" height="423" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqj2qYpRHMYIes2h2Gi7v2px7xBY31pLWc__u5bufLTyobD9-ifpa5uGh93_0gBpl0uS6wYiF53lFBuSdKzTCElcOzuGWE6bmQfcrq_rEhYHN1MQEFwiC58WC5H_tPBhLEUrBZAaWQ7FRkHhg0qNq74GkmGdyYDFg9w3p_sg612vMrLCI58U_gWW0G/w393-h423/1.jpg" width="393" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-82191224158133301122022-08-13T22:17:00.004-07:002022-08-13T22:17:28.558-07:00Why is it called a rainforest?A rainforest is an area of tall, mostly evergreen trees and usually found in wet tropical uplands and lowlands around the Equator. The reason it is called a "rain" forest is because of the high amount of rainfall it gets per year. Rainforests have an annual rainfall of at least 100 inches (254 centimeters) and often much more. <br /><br />They are incredibly diverse and complex, home to more than half of the world’s plant and animal species—even though they cover just 6% of Earth’s surface. The largest rainforests are in the Amazon River Basin (South America), the Congo River Basin (western Africa), and throughout much of southeast Asia. Smaller rainforests are located in Central America, Madagascar, Australia and nearby islands, India, and other locations in the tropics. <br /><br />Rainforests are lush, warm, wet habitats. Trees in the rainforest grow very tall because they have to compete with other plants for sunlight. Rainforests are thought to store at least 250 billion tons of carbon. Rainforest trees can release a lot of water, up to 200 gallons each year. The water forms a thick cloud-cover over the rainforest, so it is always warm and humid. <br /><br />The types of rainforests include:<br />*Tropical mangrove forests<br />*Temperate rainforests<br />*Seasonal rainforests<br />*Semievergreen forests<br />*Moist/dry deciduous forests <br /><br />The biggest rainforest is the Amazon rainforest which is nearly the roughly of the continental United States and covers about 40 percent of South America. Nearly two-thirds of the Amazon rainforest lies within the borders of Brazil. <br /><br />Most rainforests are structured in four layers: emergent, canopy, understory, and forest floor. Each layer has unique characteristics based on differing levels of water, sunlight, and air circulation. Most animals in the rainforest live in the canopy. The layer below the canopy is called the understory. Small trees and plants that do not need much light grow here.<br /><b><span style="color: #04ff00;">Why is it called a rainforest?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-eRkWrbHb7LvwTQ7cyg865QN5z8NVWLj0VNGL_cdGvRfLu5JtnG1RfaHh6oAoR7VbuGtO0490eXq4goOPOIwtGci6chsfZbGoYWxtuX-jQBIXpODmCC9jy33cxsA4wNseb0zfro06xrkIi69xFjtzvjyp0gxjlLzYAIy5DUZdJss5xQb15LnTVZX5/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-eRkWrbHb7LvwTQ7cyg865QN5z8NVWLj0VNGL_cdGvRfLu5JtnG1RfaHh6oAoR7VbuGtO0490eXq4goOPOIwtGci6chsfZbGoYWxtuX-jQBIXpODmCC9jy33cxsA4wNseb0zfro06xrkIi69xFjtzvjyp0gxjlLzYAIy5DUZdJss5xQb15LnTVZX5/w425-h319/1.jpg" width="425" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-65437002776990261712022-07-20T19:55:00.003-07:002022-07-20T19:55:28.442-07:00Tropical rainforestThe Tropical Rainforest is a forest occurring in tropical areas of heavy rainfall. Tropical rainforests are found closer to the equator, where temperatures stay near 80 degrees year-round. They are very wet places, receiving more than 200 cm rainfall per year, either seasonally or throughout the year. <br /><br />Sunlight strikes the tropics almost straight on, producing intense solar energy that keeps temperatures high, between 21° and 30°C (70° and 85°F). High temperatures keep the air warm and wet, with an average humidity of between 77% and 88%. <br /><br />In the rainforest, trees grow to gigantic size, supported by strong, strut-like buttresses at the base of the trunk that help to stabilize them in shallow forest soils. They are home to colorful birds and a huge variety of fascinating mammals. About 80% of the world's documented species can be found in tropical rainforests, even though they cover only about 6% of the Earth's land surface. <br /><br />Tropical rainforests are so warm and moist that they produce as much as 75% of their own rain through evaporation and transpiration. Such ample sunlight and moisture are the essential building blocks for tropical rainforests’ diverse flora and fauna. <br /><br />The tropical rainforest is a hot, moist biome where it rains all year long. It is known for its dense canopies of vegetation that form three different layers where the top layer or canopy contains giant trees that grow to heights of 75 m (about 250 ft) or mor <br /><br />The largest rainforests are in Brazil (South America), Zaire (Africa) and Indonesia (South East Asia). Other tropical rainforest places are in Hawaii and the islands of the Pacific & Caribbean.<br /><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Tropical rainforest<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjSm7tbDvnjbiZ-BqzFRROfYFctK3Xf-f67pvkc71iLP3jB-XwtPRbeTcxlkskfLsjxRyCTxQPolW7A_ebcxHBxugU4nbwgvvgSuIuWL-xl9Eu9-lKYAKB58YJpURaY2NozhqmNSEq9i5HFO2Vz-fB2oF8FxIX9vihi3Cx4CuJ0ObpDnRNp-zDF_1d/s1699/2022-07-21.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="908" data-original-width="1699" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjSm7tbDvnjbiZ-BqzFRROfYFctK3Xf-f67pvkc71iLP3jB-XwtPRbeTcxlkskfLsjxRyCTxQPolW7A_ebcxHBxugU4nbwgvvgSuIuWL-xl9Eu9-lKYAKB58YJpURaY2NozhqmNSEq9i5HFO2Vz-fB2oF8FxIX9vihi3Cx4CuJ0ObpDnRNp-zDF_1d/w456-h244/2022-07-21.png" width="456" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-33525464153649830792022-06-16T10:10:00.004-07:002022-06-16T10:13:44.359-07:00Royal Belum State Park in MalaysiaOne of the oldest rainforest in world, dating over 130 million years old, Belum forest is the northern most frontier of Perak, abutting the border with Thailand and spanning area of 2000km square (772 sq miles).<br />
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The Royal Belum State Park is part of the larger Belum-Temengor first complex, one of the largest tracts of forest in Peninsular Malaysia.<br />
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Riyal Belum northern border shared with Bang Lang National Park, Thailand and Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailanad.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFh5MJTM_DKEDiAVsjBDbVPmtz1FgN-NAWXPQg-rkxFkHPvB_sAKyqb4yqQCJBtmAVKnlCcorgj6RgZW5Nu5hXyM6WUW1U7-ydwj79W7WYSksLtfxjif4E_Ui5Bfuls4QudJLnCPAEml0/s1600/1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFh5MJTM_DKEDiAVsjBDbVPmtz1FgN-NAWXPQg-rkxFkHPvB_sAKyqb4yqQCJBtmAVKnlCcorgj6RgZW5Nu5hXyM6WUW1U7-ydwj79W7WYSksLtfxjif4E_Ui5Bfuls4QudJLnCPAEml0/s1600/1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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The Belum and Temengor forest was given the royal warrant by the Sultan of Perak, Sultan Azlan Shah, when he declared it the Royal Belum Park in July 2003.<br />
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The park was managed by Perak State Parks Corporation, An area of 117,500 ha (290,343 acres) was conserved and proclaimed as a no-logging zone.<br />
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The Royal Belum is home to 270 bird species and may hold the world’s greatest concentration of hornbills. The Royal Belum also has records of viable populations of rhinos.<br />
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Rhinos were found in equal numbers as Endau-Rompin. Over the years, the estimates have varied to between seven and thirteen animals. Other animals include Malayan tigers, Malaysian sunbear, tapirs and the white-handed gibbon.<br />
<b><span style="color: #04ff00;">Royal Belum State Park in Malaysia<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgubrldf6snivDHlMI0z10aBs1DcSTkQhCdEwm9Pm8W0__rRkSYqL-c3MiBSphGCjUIw6fMnICQ8QUYsYjPIvKXVWHjN9zP21KC-HT6H9LhWuowQCrEkaNs4xp7TT3XiHp7yfTqgExMHEKLVM-3N_O0GW3x6psOYCm_ZRJqWU5_ZMYU6O36GnGM4DB8/s3417/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1922" data-original-width="3417" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgubrldf6snivDHlMI0z10aBs1DcSTkQhCdEwm9Pm8W0__rRkSYqL-c3MiBSphGCjUIw6fMnICQ8QUYsYjPIvKXVWHjN9zP21KC-HT6H9LhWuowQCrEkaNs4xp7TT3XiHp7yfTqgExMHEKLVM-3N_O0GW3x6psOYCm_ZRJqWU5_ZMYU6O36GnGM4DB8/w423-h238/1.jpg" width="423" /></a></div><br /></span></b><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-64759128490578496962022-05-05T20:12:00.006-07:002022-05-05T20:12:57.980-07:00Koompassia excelsa treeThe <i>Koompassia excelsa </i>is a species of tree in the family Fabaceae. It is one of the most prominent trees in the tropical rainforests of the Sunda Shelf. The tree is also known among the tallest trees in the world. It is found in Sumatra, Borneo, South Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia. <br /><br />The tree usually grows up to 75 meters tall but specimens up to 88 meters tall have been reported. The straight, cylindrical bole is usually up to 100cm in diameter, though specimens up to 270cm have been recorded. <br /><br />Like most tall rainforest trees, they have huge buttress roots to support their weight. This is because the majority of the nutrients in rainforest soil are very near the surface, making large spreading roots more effective than deep ones. The tree has steep, thick buttresses up to 12 meters high. <br /><br />Habitat of the tree: Lowland primary rainforest, mainly at moist locations along rivers, in valleys and lower slopes of hills, restricted to north of Selangor and Pahang (Kuala Lumpur-Kuantan latitude) on Peninsular Malaysia. <br /><br />Wild bees often build their nests in the tops of this tree, and so local people commonly harvest honey from them. For this reason, and also because the trees are hard to fell, the trees are traditionally left standing when the forest is cleared.<br /><b><span style="color: #04ff00;">Koompassia excelsa tree<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh54RdkaiecAznuJGNfR66g-mewpxHszcJEIZR9WRO0jeAb8EbmU12SPeaUEMYNUCZ3aLVXokESsut12y1UzYAd5jFYSKnY63hctRMa3cTU6LdElxy95_YtB39cQs822jhwpyi60QRR6A1qUPdBSdVMdcJRU1QTaRBctYEby98h0O05YiieHA2c7w6O/s644/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="644" data-original-width="597" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh54RdkaiecAznuJGNfR66g-mewpxHszcJEIZR9WRO0jeAb8EbmU12SPeaUEMYNUCZ3aLVXokESsut12y1UzYAd5jFYSKnY63hctRMa3cTU6LdElxy95_YtB39cQs822jhwpyi60QRR6A1qUPdBSdVMdcJRU1QTaRBctYEby98h0O05YiieHA2c7w6O/w394-h424/1.jpg" width="394" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-90510030989386758002022-03-18T20:24:00.004-07:002022-03-18T20:24:48.896-07:00The black maple (Acer saccharum var. nigrum)Black maple is a subspecies of sugar maple (<i>Acer saccharum ssp. nigrum</i>). It displays similar characteristics of a dense, rounded crown; dark, furrowed bark, and brilliant fall colour. Black maples are tapped for sap in the process of making maple syrup. <br /><br />Black maple grows on a variety of soils, but most commonly on moist soils of river bottoms in mixed hardwood forests. It grows rapidly in early life, then slowly and may live 200 years. <br /><br />Maples vary in hardiness. Most fall into zones 4 through 8, but some are less tolerant of cold or heat than others. <br /><br />The important climatic factors within the range of black maple are as follows: normal annual total precipitation, 610 to 1420 mm; growing season precipitation, 300 to 510 mm; average annual snowfall, 15 to 150 cm; average annual minimum temperature –120 to -340°C ; average length of frost-free period, 120 to 210 days; precipitation effectiveness index, 48 to 127. <br /><br />Maples that are fast growing tend to have weak wood and may suffer from wind and ice damage. Slower growing maples have heavier, harder wood, making them less susceptible to branch and limb drop. <br /><br />Pests that Affect Black Maple<br />*Wooly Alder Aphid<br />*Giant Bark Aphid<br />*Cottony Maple Scale<br />*Oystershell Scale<br />*Yellowbellied Sapsucker<br />*Scale Insects <br /><br />Vertebrate animals also use black maple and other maples as a source of food and protective cover. Some upland gamebirds and songbirds eat the seeds, buds, or sap of these trees. Among mammal species, the wood and bark are eaten by the American Beaver and North American Porcupine.<br /><b><span style="color: #04ff00;">The black maple (<i>Acer saccharum var. nigrum</i>)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiLNrEFD9Oziq5hefan9k6IFeAb4eKT3sLTk8kmqX5MlqpCafr5RadzPLxBUignwz6ilzC9fsgJBzqmxwKp1bJAsPJbUuwmWSahy7ZBbfUdspi1aqu9Qkwv_aSc_6D4h2BhOiB2SrcvbSX1xNr-z5i-1NLA1xAEbUINspUiYTgsDfvmmED2cjrNfCAM=s846" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="748" data-original-width="846" height="367" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiLNrEFD9Oziq5hefan9k6IFeAb4eKT3sLTk8kmqX5MlqpCafr5RadzPLxBUignwz6ilzC9fsgJBzqmxwKp1bJAsPJbUuwmWSahy7ZBbfUdspi1aqu9Qkwv_aSc_6D4h2BhOiB2SrcvbSX1xNr-z5i-1NLA1xAEbUINspUiYTgsDfvmmED2cjrNfCAM=w415-h367" width="415" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-83774067707684298052022-02-04T18:10:00.003-08:002022-02-04T18:10:09.630-08:00ChlorophyllsChlorophyll plays an important role in making plants green and healthy. Chlorophyll is found in the mesosomes of cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. This nutrient is present in green vegetables , cyanobacteria, and algae. The greener the vegetable is, the higher its chlorophyll content. <br /><br />Chlorophyll’s function in a plant is to absorb light—normally sunlight. The energy absorbed from light is transferred to two kinds of energy-storing molecules. Through photosynthesis, the plant uses the stored energy to convert carbon dioxide (absorbed from the air) and water into glucose, a type of sugar. <br /><br />In plants, photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which contain the chlorophyll. Chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane and contain a third inner membrane, called the thylakoid membrane. <br /><br />Plants that use photosynthesis to make their own food are called autotrophs. Animals that eat plants or other animals are called heterotrophs. <br /><br />There are two types of chlorophyll in plants: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. All plants contain either one of these two varieties. They are both fat-soluble compounds that have antioxidant properties.<br /><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Chlorophylls<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhh8xj3qq_BqgZxmVaE6zEMEYDsMI0EXl3oWMgJ_gpsd_fEymi3SKVE5ef3h6xNJ8HYRq5BcXyoz3k44qDAuG3bx4arJn-zcT6OVraUXqznjgjDXPfwYevFrh-bSGfzcvcZ-7a4TbkvEbZgIxLxD6GAb9vNOp0vfp3w7bhMFCA4m7AzSIAlbbwNuOgT=s682" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="682" data-original-width="568" height="423" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhh8xj3qq_BqgZxmVaE6zEMEYDsMI0EXl3oWMgJ_gpsd_fEymi3SKVE5ef3h6xNJ8HYRq5BcXyoz3k44qDAuG3bx4arJn-zcT6OVraUXqznjgjDXPfwYevFrh-bSGfzcvcZ-7a4TbkvEbZgIxLxD6GAb9vNOp0vfp3w7bhMFCA4m7AzSIAlbbwNuOgT=w353-h423" width="353" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-6255895666421239022022-01-17T20:30:00.005-08:002022-01-17T20:30:49.957-08:00Mycorrhizal fungiMany different species live in a forest. Some closer than others. Over 80% of plants live in a symbiotic relationship with a remarkable organism called mycorrhizal fungi. <br /><br />This relationship is a natural infection of a plant’s root system in which the plant supplies the fungus with sugars and carbon and receives water and/or nutrients in return. Through this symbiosis the fungi and the plant naturally develop a lifelong bond of mutual benefit that’s existed for over 450 million years. <br /><br />Mycorrhiza is the term used to describe the symbiotic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and a plant’s root system. The term mycorrhiza comes from the Greek words for “fungus” and “root” and describes many diverse root-fungus associations. Mycorrhizal fungi can absorb, accumulate and transport large quantities of phosphate within their hyphae and release to plant cells in root tissue. <br /><br />First the spore of mycorrhizal fungi germinates in the soil and make their way to the nearest roots. The roots are then colonized by the fungi, and mycorrhiza are established. The fungi penetrate the root, and create an internal network of fungal structures inside the root cells where the plant and mycorrhizae exchange sugars and nutrients. <br /><br />Such bridges are responsible for the so-called wood wide web, network of connections among different plants forming a highway for horizontal nutrient movement. <br /><br />The hyphae continue to develop outside the roots forming an extended network of fine filaments which cover up to 700 times more soil area than the plants’ own root. <br /><br />Through widely branched mycelium the fungi can very efficiently absorb water and minerals including phosphorus and nitrogen and though the individual threads transport them straight into the tree roots. From there the water and minerals are transported into the leaves. <br /><br />In the cells of the leaves photosynthesis takes place, creating dextrose from water, carbon dioxide, and the sun’s energy. So much dextrose is produced that it’s more than enough for the whole tree. What is left over, which can be to a third, is transported underground, For fungi this process is essential for survival as they themselves cannot produce any dextrose, This form of symbiosis is called mycorrhiza and there are advantages for both partners. <br /><br />Mycorrhizal fungi are a critical component in agricultural systems because these organisms can increase plant growth, plant reproductive capacity, plant water stress tolerance, and plant health through antagonistic and competitive effects on pests and pathogens. This colonization may also enhance the plant’s resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.<br /><b><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Mycorrhizal fungi<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjkihLjTyj9_s9-f26ab0OiCRhF2WQRFkQcxN_6_o2fS-bQFLFfCTVogQDqnSJjOvW8dXA_ikMmIwF0-Bu2JdhwG66n_b_qhE9fqzweJqHZvYiEVhS92BIoR8JLrx4jVMIdbrICVJ3CplO_b-4iBkv9sFAXT2bedD8GCr2wttJ0ncjVqfwHEImu3kvr=s1690" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="862" data-original-width="1690" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjkihLjTyj9_s9-f26ab0OiCRhF2WQRFkQcxN_6_o2fS-bQFLFfCTVogQDqnSJjOvW8dXA_ikMmIwF0-Bu2JdhwG66n_b_qhE9fqzweJqHZvYiEVhS92BIoR8JLrx4jVMIdbrICVJ3CplO_b-4iBkv9sFAXT2bedD8GCr2wttJ0ncjVqfwHEImu3kvr=w459-h234" width="459" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-75105770922631958922021-12-20T18:59:00.000-08:002021-12-20T18:59:00.973-08:00Mangrove forestMangroves are typically defined as the halophytic woody plant communities that occur along the tropical and subtropical coastlines. Halophytes are salt-tolerant plants that grow in waters with high salinity, such as in mangrove swamps, marshes, seashores and saline semi-deserts. <br /><br />Mangrove forests are formed by a variety of trees and shrubs that have numerous adaptations to live in the challenging—part marine, part terrestrial—environment of the intertidal zone. <br /><br />The mangrove community as a whole consists of the plants of soft and swampy mud, mostly trees and shrubs, with broad, leathery, evergreen leaves. There are about 80 different species of mangrove trees. All of these trees grow in areas with low-oxygen soil, where slow-moving waters allow fine sediments to accumulate. <br /><br />In some tree roots from the main stem and branches grow vertically down and provide additional support like stilts in an unstable, slippery substratum. <br /><br />Mangrove forest is one of the few pristine ecosystems in the world, and it offers a large number of ecological, economic, and protective functions and services. <br /><br />Mangroves are also among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. They are the largest reservoir of world’s blue carbon, which is defined as the organic carbon stored, sequestered, and released from coastal and marine ecosystems. <br /><br />Mangroves are best developed on tropical shorelines where there are large areas available between high and low tide points. Large mangrove formations are typically found in sheltered muddy shorelines that are often associated with the formation of deltas at the mouth of a riverine system. <br /><br />Since they are located where sea meets land, mangroves can reduce flooding and act as natural defenses from waves and wind. They also act as permeable dams, dampening storm surges and reducing damage.<br /><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Mangrove forest<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj2--DjS_nuc0_JvoBMWOvs4sXBu-NWIw570TU4U1FB-48KlHIEeq9NyWSG_I6g039XU-JrP4LuZyWkn21kJ1Low-Zd9OaBoKn09sMoa1PRYqhd2qOo3OPnaZRdT1aSYbf-cBMks9nhtg91pYrA-kgs7ts_o1R_32EqoRntgIEtRg5SukUG8uoEcT03=s1280" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="854" data-original-width="1280" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj2--DjS_nuc0_JvoBMWOvs4sXBu-NWIw570TU4U1FB-48KlHIEeq9NyWSG_I6g039XU-JrP4LuZyWkn21kJ1Low-Zd9OaBoKn09sMoa1PRYqhd2qOo3OPnaZRdT1aSYbf-cBMks9nhtg91pYrA-kgs7ts_o1R_32EqoRntgIEtRg5SukUG8uoEcT03=w418-h279" width="418" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5331372072965320936.post-84988828245003715902021-11-18T20:09:00.001-08:002021-11-18T20:09:26.872-08:00Science of ecologyEcology is basically a branch of biology. It deals with study of interactions among organisms and their biophysical environment. Ecology deals with organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems and the biosphere. The place of living is the organism's environment. <br /><br />Ecology is a purely scientific discipline which aims to understand the relationships between organisms and their wider environment. <br /><br />Ecology is very important and it enriches the world and is crucial for human wellbeing and prosperity. It provides new knowledge of the interdependence between people and nature that is vital for food production, maintaining clean air and water, and sustaining biodiversity in a changing climate. <br /><br />The term environment denotes all the physical, chemical and biotic conditions surrounding and influencing a living organism. is classified into 3 types: Biotic (Biological), Abiotic (Physical), Cultural. <br /><br />An organism is a self-reproducing system capable of growing and maintaining itself and is directly influenced by the surrounding environment. A population is an assemblage of similar organisms belonging to the same species, living together at one place at a given time. A population always lives a specific place known as its habitat. Habitat is thus the physical environment in which an organism lives.<br /><b><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Science of ecology<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilEYwaOpCRBTMOeTjD1uDbk2FVTU_YFXmFgtnya6um3WsY3QdT8U1oihnj71Lf3DvpmXrxtJ-okXHoNhShpGzb_mfiLnPi4Dz9Vf1s6wJJFZBrLEMFB7EOnc7Wa4BLrAcSAKiZlebQoek/s1280/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="1280" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilEYwaOpCRBTMOeTjD1uDbk2FVTU_YFXmFgtnya6um3WsY3QdT8U1oihnj71Lf3DvpmXrxtJ-okXHoNhShpGzb_mfiLnPi4Dz9Vf1s6wJJFZBrLEMFB7EOnc7Wa4BLrAcSAKiZlebQoek/w453-h302/1.jpg" width="453" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com